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An Introduction to the Human Body

Figure 1.1 Blood Pressure

INTRODUCTION

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ _________.

1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________ _________." _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.2 a). _________- _________ "_________," _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________- _________ "_________," _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.2 b). _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.2 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________).

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.3).

FIGURE 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body

The Levels of Organization

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ _________, _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.4 Organ Systems of the Human Body

FIGURE 1.5 Organ Systems of the Human Body (continued)

1.3 Functions of Human Life

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ _________.

Organization

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Metabolism

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.6). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.6 Metabolism

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ (_________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Responsiveness

Movement

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Figure 1.7), and _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.7 Marathon Runners

Development, growth and reproduction

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________), _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

1.4 Requirements for Human Life

Oxygen

Nutrients

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Narrow Range of Temperature

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.8) _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.8 Extreme Heat

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Everyday Connection

Controlled Hypothermia

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.9).

FIGURE 1.9 Harsh Conditions

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________," _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________, _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

1.5 Homeostasis

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Negative Feedback

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.10a). _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.10 Negative Feedback System

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________, _________ _________). _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________) _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ (_________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Positive Feedback

FIGURE 1.11 Positive Feedback Loop

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________.

1.6 Anatomical Terminology

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________ _________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ "_________-" _________ "_________" _________ "_________," _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Anatomical Position

_________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ "_________," _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Figure 1.12. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ (_________) _________ (_________) _________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.12 Regions of the Human Body

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Regional Terms

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ Figure 1.12). _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________" _________ "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________." _________, "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________, _________ "_________" _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Directional Terms

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.13). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________ _________" _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ (_________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ (_________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.13 Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body

Body Planes

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.14 Planes of the Body

Body Cavities and Serous Membranes

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.15). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________, _________, _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.15 Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities

Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities

_________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________.

_________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ Figure 1.15). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

FIGURE 1.16 Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity

Membranes of the Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity

_________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ (Figure 1.17).

FIGURE 1.17 Serous Membrane

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

1.7 Medical Imaging

_________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________; _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

X-Rays

_________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________: _________ "_________" _________ (_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ "_________." _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.18). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

FIGURE 1.18 X-Ray of a Hand

Modern Medical Imaging

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Computed Tomography

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (Figure 1.19a). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ "_________."

FIGURE 1.19 Medical Imaging Techniques

_________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

_________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ Figure 1.19b), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ "_________" _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ _________, _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

_________ _________ (_________), _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.

Positron Emission Tomography

_________ _________ _________ (_________) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ Figure 1.19c) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________, _________ _________ _________.

Ultrasonography

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (_________ Figure 1.19d). _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________, _________ _________ _________ _________ _________. _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.