Organ-specific effects
- Cardiac autonomic control: Cardiac sympathetic fibers increase rate, conduction, and contractility. Vagal fibers decrease rate and conduction, particularly at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.
- Pulmonary autonomic control: Pulmonary sympathetic fibers relax bronchial smooth muscle. Vagal fibers constrict bronchi and stimulate glandular secretion.
- Esophageal autonomic control: Esophageal parasympathetic fibers coordinate peristalsis and sphincter relaxation, while sympathetic fibers reduce motility and constrict vessels.
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