Hemopoietic Growth Factors
- Hemopoietic growth factors are signaling molecules that regulate blood-cell production.
- Hemopoiesis is modulated by colony-stimulating factors, stem cell factor, interleukins, and macrophage-inhibiting protein-alpha.
- Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are growth factors that promote proliferation and differentiation of blood-cell progenitors.
- Stem cell factor maintains a sufficiently large population of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells, multipotential hemopoietic stem cells, and progenitor cells.
- Macrophage-inhibiting protein-alpha is listed among growth factors that modulate hemopoiesis.
- Hormone-like circulation means some growth factors travel through blood to reach targets.
- Local growth factor action means growth factors act near where they are produced in bone marrow.
- Specific membrane receptors allow growth factors to act at low concentrations.
- Mitotic rate means how frequently cells divide.
- Growth factors control mitotic rate and enhance cell survival.
- Growth factors control how many divisions occur before differentiation.
- Growth factors promote differentiation into more specialized blood-cell lineages.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
- Hemopoietic stem cells that do not contact growth factors usually undergo apoptosis and are removed by macrophages.
- Bone marrow stromal cells produce stem cell factor.
- Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) facilitates colony-forming unit-granulocyte-monocyte mitosis, differentiation, and granulocyte activity.
- T cells and endothelial cells produce granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor.
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces colony-forming unit-granulocyte mitosis and differentiation.
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor also facilitates neutrophil activity.
- Macrophages and endothelial cells produce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
- Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) facilitates colony-forming unit-monocyte mitosis and differentiation.
- Macrophages and endothelial cells produce monocyte colony-stimulating factor.
- Interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) facilitate proliferation of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells, colony-forming unit-spleen, and colony-forming unit-lymphocyte.
- Colony-forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) is a progenitor abbreviation used in hemopoiesis discussions.
- Interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) suppress erythroid precursors.
- Monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells produce interleukin 1.
- Interleukin 2 (IL-2) promotes proliferation of activated T cells and activated B cells.
- Interleukin 2 (IL-2) facilitates natural killer cell differentiation.
- Activated T cells produce interleukin 2.
- Interleukin 3 (IL-3) has actions similar to interleukin 1.
- Interleukin 3 (IL-3) also facilitates proliferation of unipotential precursors except B-lineage and T-lineage lymphocyte progenitors.
- Activated T cells and activated B cells produce interleukin 3.
- Interleukin 4 (IL-4) promotes activation of T cells and B cells.
- Interleukin 4 (IL-4) facilitates development of mast cells and basophils.
- Activated T cells produce interleukin 4.
- Interleukin 5 (IL-5) facilitates colony-forming unit-eosinophil proliferation and activates eosinophils.
- T cells produce interleukin 5.
- Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has actions similar to interleukin 1.
- Interleukin 6 (IL-6) also promotes differentiation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and B cells.
- Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) are lymphocytes that kill target cells.
- Monocytes and fibroblasts produce interleukin 6.
- Interleukin 7 (IL-7) stimulates B-lineage lymphocyte progenitors and natural killer cell differentiation.
- Adventitial reticular cells produce interleukin 7.
- Interleukin 8 (IL-8) promotes neutrophil migration and degranulation.
- Leukocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth-muscle cells produce interleukin 8.
- Interleukin 9 (IL-9) promotes mast-cell activation and proliferation.
- Interleukin 9 (IL-9) modulates immunoglobulin E synthesis and stimulates T-helper-cell proliferation.
- T-helper cells produce interleukin 9.
- Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells.
- Interleukin 10 (IL-10) promotes cytotoxic lymphocyte differentiation and B-cell and mast-cell proliferation.
- Macrophages and T cells produce interleukin 10.
- Interleukin 12 (IL-12) stimulates natural killer cells.
- Interleukin 12 (IL-12) promotes cytotoxic lymphocyte and natural killer cell function.
- Macrophages produce interleukin 12.
- Gamma-interferons activate monocytes and B cells.
- Gamma-interferons promote cytotoxic lymphocyte differentiation.
- Class II human leukocyte antigen expression is enhanced by gamma-interferons.
- T cells and natural killer cells produce gamma-interferons.
- Erythropoietin promotes colony-forming unit-erythroid differentiation and burst-forming unit-erythroid proliferation.
- Kidney peritubular capillary endothelial cells produce erythropoietin.
- Hepatocytes also produce erythropoietin.
- Thrombopoietin enhances colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and megakaryoblast mitosis and differentiation.
- Hepatocytes and kidney cells produce thrombopoietin.
- Colony-forming unit (CFU) is the base abbreviation for progenitor units in blood-cell formation.
- Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell (PHSC) is the expanded meaning of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell abbreviation.
- Cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) is the expanded meaning of cytotoxic lymphocyte abbreviation.
- Eosinophil (Eo), granulocyte (G), granulocyte-monocyte (GM), lymphocyte (Ly), monocyte (M), megakaryocyte (Meg), and spleen (S) are lineage abbreviations used inside colony-forming unit names.
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